7th Edition6th Edition
Personal communications, which are considered “nonrecoverable data” by the APA, are information that readers cannot typically access. These include personal interviews, emails, letters, and phone calls. This information should be cited within the text, but not included in a References list. For information on how to cite personal communications within the text, see the Personal Communications page.
Click on the sections below to see the elements and examples of each type of reference for abstracts, book reviews, and software.
Personal communications, which are considered “nonrecoverable data” by the APA, are information that readers cannot typically access. These include personal interviews, emails, letters, and phone calls. This information should be cited within the text, but not included in a References list. For information on how to cite personal communications within the text, see the Personal Communications page.